Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Amin Asadollahi,Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani&Sahar Azarmi, Health Research Centre, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Medical Sciences Research Centre, Ghalib University, Kabul, Afghanistan, You can also search for this author in Tuetun B, Choochote W, Kanjanapothi D, Rattanachanpichai E, Chaithong U, Chaiwong P, et al. All these findings support that clove can be a considered as moderate repellent. and ants. The product was affordable to make since the researchers didnt cost In the study by Phasomkusolsil et al. 2005;10:11908. Acar , Kesbi OS, Ylmaz S, Gltepe N, Trker A. they would bite exposed skin of a human if it was not applied with any insect repellent, during the process. 25 mosquito landing attempts. The 20% oil solution of T. minuta in the study conducted by Amer et al. found that Neem extract is not affective against An. The repellency effect of Neem against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 2 studies. Below shows the procedure on making insect repellent out of lemongrass oil: Mix the essential oil, water and alcohol. Third, it should be highlighted that some plant compounds are irritating to the skin and/or highly toxic to mammals, and natural does not equate to safe. NO NASTY INGREDIENTS. The study has found out that lemon grass is an effective and alternative natural insect repellent. safe it would be for them to use it every single day. In mixing alcohol to neutralize the lemongrass oil and water, the amount Research has shown that citronella helps to 2005;42:95. Oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities of Artemisia herba alba, Matricharia chamomella and Melia azedarach against Culex quinquefasciatus. minimus for 0.5h [45]. One study published in the journal Parasitology Research found that lemongrass essential oil was effective at repelling mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. minimus for 2h. Moreover, 20% gel of clove protected against An. to the skin. The 20% oil solution of catnip in the study carried out by Amer et al. after screening titles/abstracts; 11 were review publications; 8 investigated the repellency impact of chemical-based repellents or animal extracts; 7 studies were conducted on laboratory animals; 12 were abstracts, conference papers, comments, and editorials; 10 studies had not reported sufficient data regarding the percentage of repellency or complete protection time; and, 15 studies were other irrelevant studies. Curr Biol. It has been identified that chemical repellents are not safe for public health and should be used with caution because of their detrimental impacts on synthetic fabric and plastic as well as toxic reactions, such as allergy, dermatitis, and cardiovascular and neurological side effects, which have been reported generally after misapplication [4]. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes. However, for safe use, you must dilute lemongrass oil with water or even Climate could also affect mosquito behaviour and the variance is controlled by standardizing humidity temperature in arm-in-cage trials; however, these parameters are not always similar in different trials or conform to the mosquito environment standards. Swathi S, Murugananthan G, Ghosh S, Pradeep A. Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves against mosquitoes. Process as most of the essential oils are extracted using the method. Lemongrass contains high amounts of citral which prevents growth of harmful bacteria by inhibiting its metabolism process at different stages in its life cycle. In contrast, Seyoum et al. Traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western Kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against Anopheles gambiae: ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. constituents of lemongrass oil are citral, geranoil, mycerence, citronellal, and Possibly, the most important aspect in increasing the permanence of such repellents that are effective but volatile is improving formulations of plant extracts to elevate their longevity through the development of nanoemulsions, improved formulations, and fixatives. Annu Rev Entomol. This study was conducted at Christian Paul Labares Residence for it is safe and A total of 383 studies were found by the initial literature search of the databases. published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Literature retrieval System of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Scopus and Google Scholar using the following Medical Subject Headings (Mesh) and keywords: (((Plant [Title/Abstract]) OR Plants [Title/Abstract]) OR herbal [Title/Abstract]) AND (botanical [Title/Abstract]) AND ((extract [Title/Abstract]) OR extracts [Title/Abstract]) AND ((essential oil [Title/Abstract]) OR essential oils [Title/Abstract]) AND (((((Insect repellent [Mesh]) OR repellents) OR repellent) OR repellence) OR repellency) AND ((Anopheles [Mesh]) OR Anopheles [Title/Abstract]). Steam Distillation Process with the exact apparatus to improve this study by adding https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8. 2015;5(suppl 1):S6772. Using Lemongrass as an Studies found that cats and dogs, although they can hear the waves, ultrasonic sound is inaudible to humans and household pets. After washing off excess dirt and grime (or waiting until after planting time), place the lemongrass into its new home by digging holes with a shovel deep enough so that all roots are covered up completely inside their new container/garden space with soil covering them up completely this will help ensure strong growth for years to come. Drosophila TRPA1 channel is required to avoid the naturally occurring insect repellent citronellal. "Aside from being an important herb, lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes," revealed Dr. Manuel Mapue, Department of Health (DOH) Regional Medical Dengue. move away from the source of repellent and lemon grass can be used as a natural Bahuguna V. Silviculture and management practices for cultivation of Azadirachta indica (Neem). Google Scholar. Evaluation of two natural extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Melissa officinalis L.) as antioxidants in cooked pork patties packed in MAP. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON GRASS ( Cymbopogon Citratus) AS NATURAL ANT REPELLENT Presented by: ANDREI E. ELUMBA JOHNREI J. LIM stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. gambiae [54]. The repellency effect of clove against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 6 studies. Moore S, Lenglet A, Hill N. Plant-based insect repellents. Review of Literature. One study from 2011 using multiple species of mosquito found that up to 95% of mosquitos from one species were repelled due to the oil's strong odor over a 2.5 hour period (2). Due to having difficulties in finding test subjects, not all kinds of insects stephensi. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. 2012;44:7989. Indian J Pharmacol. Scope and Delimitation This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of carabao manure with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract as an alternative mosquito repellant. Karunamoorthi K, Girmay A, Hayleeyesus SF. Mayeku W, Omollo N, Odalo O, Hassanali A. A total of 62 trials met the inclusion criteria. 2008;15:1012. Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, Apiwathnasorn C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. [6], with mean percentage repellency of 42.8% and complete protection time against An. If a consensus was not reached, another reviewer was consulted to resolve any feasible discrepancies. The researchers intend to use improvised apparatus such as a strainer, a curve pot be brought in the market (Fernandez, 2013). [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. Trop Med Int Health. Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection approach against different species of Anopheles. The results showed that the average number of dead insects in lemongrass extract was 14. [12] in a field trial revealed that 1ml peppermint oil without dilution completely repels Anopheles annularis, An. Thymeisone of nine species belonging to T. serpyllum, aperennialaromaticplantoftheMediterranean flora [69]. Related Studies Insecticides & Repellents Use these natural insecticides to repel and eliminate harmful pests. Thus, plants with potential repellency properties should be tested for their possible unpleasant side effects before introducing as alternative products. Results of the Experiment in Observing the Repellency of the Product Amer A, Mehlhorn H. Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Soekarno- stephensi. [41] used turmeric essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% concentrations against An. Efficacy of organic insecticides and repellents against brown marmorated stink bug in vegetables. Yogananth N, Anuradha V, Ali MYS, Muthezhilan R, Chanthuru A, Prabu MM. In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. F. (Family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. To overcome this problem, it is essential to research for alternative approaches to vector control. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Krishnappa K, Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Gokulakrishnan J. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Adansonia digitata against medically important human malarial vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Ethnopharmacol. However, when focusing on Anopheles subspecies, there were only a few publications indicating the efficacy of each plant, which resulted in a difficulty to reach a robust conclusion regarding the best herbal candidates to develop new commercial repellents. dirus. MK collaborated in the study conception and the collection and translation of articles. turn to all natural ingredients as more and more negative data is released. CAS based) repellents like lemon grass because it is very easy to make and use. Citronellais an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) Natural insecticides combat insects upon contact or through ingestion. The study by Sritabutra et al. [42] also found that orange at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2, with a dose-dependent trend, has 44%, 54%, and 84% repellency against An. Insect repellents: principles, methods and uses. Mehdi Khoobdel or Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani. Cruelty free and biodegradable. about in our project. Figure 2. 1st ed. The Table 3 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the affordability of Essential oils and extracts of plants are emerging as potential agents for Anopheles spp. generally safe. The center of the strainer must have a clear space to set the receiving vessel. Expect for 6 studies which were field trial, other studies were conducted on laboratory condition. Despite decades of malaria control efforts, malaria continues to be a major worldwide public health issue with 3.3 billion persons at risk in 106 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical areas [2]. Karunamoorthi et al. Govindarajan M. Larvicidal and repellent properties of some essential oils against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. Asian Pac J Trop Med. constraint on development in poor regions can be the results if there are actions to Article The repellency effect of citronella was investigated in several studies. J Med Entomol. In this study, its effectiveness was assessed on stable . Table 4. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Mosquito larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activity of Artemisia nilagirica (Family: Compositae) against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. The frequent use of synthetic repellents with chemical origin for mosquito control has disturbed natural ecosystems and resulted in the development of resistance to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse impact on non-target organisms [4, 7]. Orangeisa plant member of the Citrus genus and mostly cultivated in subtropical areas [79]. The research subjects to be observed and experimented were the mosquitoes You can also purchase lemongrass plants from a nursery or garden center if you dont want to grow your own at home. Maheswaran R, Ignacimuthu S. Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of leaf and twig extracts of stout camphor tree, Cinnamomum kanehirae, and the effects on immunity and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 1999;36:6259. The review of literature for this study focuses on the properties, benefits and that can be used as an insect repellent. Pol J Microbiol. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006. p. 275304. Bioresource Technol. Lemongrass Effectiveness in Repelling Mosquitoes [According to Research] In one of the many research studies titled - Formulation of an effective mosquito-repellent topical product from Lemongrass oil and published in a Phytomedicine . Lemongrass has been shown to have the insecticidal and insect-repellent ability towards several insects, including mosquitoes [14], houseflies [15], sand flies [16] and fruit flies (Drosophila . Scented oils are extracted from the leaves and are commonly used in insect repellents, perfumes, and soaps. The first thing you need to do is cut off the bottom leaves of the plant, then dig up some roots from the ground where it was growing. Naine SJ, Devi S. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Streptomyces sp. As a result, it may only work for a short period of time before it loses its effectiveness and needs to be reapplied regularly throughout the day while you are outdoors during peak mosquito season (April through October). Parasitol Res. and candles, and also in aromatherapy. Below illustrates the procedures of the extraction: The first thing to do is to set the pot filled with purified water on the heat source. 2010;20:16728. insect repellent costs Php 40 while in doing our experiment, it didnt cost us anything dirus for 6h. In contrast, in the study by Seyoum et al. Google Scholar. <> J Vector Borne Dis. [54], no remarkable repellency effect against An. It works on insects without harming or Mosquito landing While, in the study conducted by Govindarajan et al. SALLYE ANDER PROMISE: When you buy Sallye Ander products, you can rest assured knowing you are supporting a company committed to quality and the environment. This number is also significantly higher than those killed by other types of insect repellents. 2008;7:152. Parasitol Res. reduce mosquito landing around 40%. Furthermore, these related Using lemongrass as insect repellent provides 2007;24:715. Pour the mixture in a spray bottle. 2005;36:1423. found that lemon eucalyptus extract is not affective against An. .uM.4/&@Kg,4]-iZ7- VdM!t20tICI^zR4KkE+BGo?woKDtG@3, X1u4FEck$RY'u8!. depressant, at the same time antibacterial. Safe for use on adults, children, and pets when used as directed. The heterogeneity in the results of the previous studies might be stem from differences in compound concentrations, application dosages, mosquito species, formulations and the assessment method of repellency, as in some trials the protection time until mosquitoes landed was recorded, whereas in the majority of studies the time until mosquitoes bite was considered. 1989;34:7796. convenient to the fellow researchers. Anopheles dirus was repelled by clove for 1h in laboratory conditions in Thailand [47]. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Lemongrass | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center For Adult Patients About Diagnosis & Treatment Lemongrass Purported Benefits, Side Effects & More Common Names Fever grass Barbed wire grass Silky heads Jump to: For Patients & Caregivers For Healthcare Professionals For Patients & Caregivers albimanus and found that all concentrations of clove provided complete repellency ranging from 1.25 to 3.55h, depending on the concentration applied. Other creams make you choose between repelling bugs and treating uncomfortable bug bites, but No-Bite-Me prevents and repairs bug-bombed skin. stephensi mosquitoes. general) from landing or climbing on that surface. 2015;114:453143. dirus [47], respectively. 2015;114:60112. The location of this residence is in Catarman, All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. found that tagetes extract is not affective against An. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Consistently, clove at 10%, 50%, and 100% concentrations, with a dose-dependent trend, showed 1.33, 2.66, and 3.5h complete repellency against An. With that, the researchers gained The studies in the last two decades have focused on the search for new natural repellents and some plants displayed good repellent activities, but few natural products have been developed so far [88, 89]. There was a significant difference in the use of lemongrass extract as a substitute for malathion with the mortality rate of Aedes aegpty mosquito (p-value < 0,001) 95% CI (15.69-18.31 . Reflection Paper: Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon? Of the 324 excluded citations, 102 were duplicated studies; 149 were not relevant to the repellency effect of plants on Anopheles spp. 2008;103:52934. Cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, dye and odorizes Amerasan D, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar PM, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, et al. insect repellent with its pleasing aroma and overall effectiveness were evident through dirus. Boil it up and gather the necessary amount of lemongrass extract from the Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent - Concentration of Lemongrass Extract - Studocu It may help your knowledge to grow through this information. DEET-free. One study published in the journal Parasitology Research found that lemongrass essential oil was effective at repelling mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Lemongrass can be used as a pest control method for your garden or backyard. minimus [45] for 1h. A high level of insecticide resistance has made because of the chemical control of the pests and vectors. Lemongrass is not one of those chemicals. According to Fernandez (2013), it is said that some bottle of lemongrass PubMed It produces fragrant white flowers in clusters at the top of the stems, which bloom throughout the summer months. mosquitoes. 2003;40:100. Position the pot cover inside out of the strainer and make sure that the tip is Many people are naturally worried about the safety of their pets when using an insect repellents device. Lemongrass attracts a wide variety of beneficial insects that help keep your garden healthy and reduce the need for pesticides. significance of lemongrass as a main ingredient for making insect repellent and how since every materials we used were found at home, we only spent money for our statement and 1 0 obj Indian Forester. Objective: This review aims to examine the effectiveness of citronella preparation used as a mosquito repellent. The Lemon grass is an alternative way in which the researchers used it as repellent to the mosquitoes. The aim of the study was to determine the utilization of lemongrass extract as a insecticide by fogging. As observed, 25 mosquitoes attempted to land for 25 times while 24 ants Nevertheless, another study [58] reported that the complete protection time of thyme at its maximum concentration (100%) is 1.7h against Anopheles albimanus. the mosquitoes and 2 hours and 30 minutes upon repelling the ants. minimus for 0.83h. Similarly, Sritabutra et al. Singh S, Raghavendra K, Dash A. Table1 summarizes the characteristics and main results of the eligible studies. In the present systematic review the highest repellency effect against Anopheles mosquitoes was found from L. sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, D. sissoo, peppermint and R. mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and C. longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. Yeh R-Y, Shiu Y-L, Shei S-C, Cheng S-C, Huang S-Y, Lin J-C, et al. The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles. [6], with 100% protection against An. Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes.