When comparing two software systems based on their maintainability assessments from different Index variants, if one software is easier to maintain than the other according to one variant, it is very likely that the same holds true according to any other variant. Differentiate String == operator and equals() method, Check if a string is a valid shuffle of two distinct strings. Development and Application of an Automated Source Code Maintainability Index. To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of the following Java programming topics: In the above program, we've two strings style and style2. And so usingFakeItEasyI was able to create the following code: What we have here is a newfakeobject a.k.afakeExpectedwhich would call custom code when itsEqualsmethod is called. Furthermore, this study identified some research gaps and suggested some possible directions for future research efforts. We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. It is not necessary that if the two objects are unequal according to equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects may produce distinct integer value. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Ignoring which Index variant is used to assess maintainability could lead to misleading perceptions. To sort a given List, ComparatorClass must implement a Comparator interface. [. The two objects will be equal if they share the same memory address. Join our newsletter for the latest updates. I will explain both methods using Strings and a self-written "Student" class as examples. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". Available online: Li, W.; Henry, S. Object-oriented metrics that predict maintainability. Ive also created the new fake usingWrappingso that the original methods on the class would still be called I really care aboutToStringwhich I would override to produce a meaningful assertion message. To achieve the research objectives, experiments were conducted on Java open-source software systems. In Java, the == operator compares that two references are identical or not. Testwell CMT++/CMTJava. In the example above, person1 and person2 have the same properties and values, so JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2) is true. Using Fake Objects to Compare Real Objects In order to change the way two objects are compared in an assert we only need change the behavior of one of them - the expect value (might. P2-0057). Applied Sciences. The following two lists summarize the differences between the two interfaces. [. To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. If youve been using unit tests for some time you might have come to a conclusion that using multiple asserts is not always a bad idea in fact for some tests its the only way to go. ; Liu, G.; Morasca, S. An empirical evaluation of the Cognitive Complexity measure as a predictor of code understandability. In summary, the key contributions of this paper are: (1) a review of Maintainability Index variants utilized for maintainability measurement in object-oriented software; (2) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented system; (3) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of an object-oriented software system in the context of other systems, i.e., other versions of the same software system and completely different software systems. Object-Oriented Software. We can compare two HashMap by comparing Entry with the equals () method of the Map returns true if the maps have the same key-value pairs that mean the same Entry. Microsoft. Create two variables, minimum and maximum. However, it can be overridden in any way possible i.e if one or two values match, etc. Najm, N. Measuring Maintainability Index of a Software Depending on Line of Code Only. Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Conceptualization, T.H. A comparator interface is used to order the objects of user-defined classes. This issue has already been noted by systematic literature reviews conducted in the research field [, In the literature, the Maintainability Index has been used as a measure of maintainability extensively researched from various perspectives. = average, CI = confidence interval, Med. Learn more. 121124. We have now checked the objects comparisons manually by calling the equals() method but this is not a good solution for the comparison of the objects. If the two objects are equal according to the equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects must produce the same integer value. ; Palani, G.; Iyer, N.R. Note that the object should not be modified. The studys results showed that when comparing maintainability measurements from several Index variants, the perception of maintainability could be impacted by the choice of the Index variant used. After that, we have created a constructor of the Employee class and passes these two fields as a parameter. The first threat to internal validity is related to the method used for data collection. To make the comparison thing to be a piece of cake, just leverage Lodash. Approach: Take inputs in the list. In the below program, Created two Employee objects with different values. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Appl. The below example shows how to compare the two different beans. "Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems" Applied Sciences 13, no. The JHawk tool was used to extract the source code metrics, as it is commonly used for metrics extraction of Java software. Use Collections.min () method and store the return value in min variable. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between different software systems? Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive Else print minimum and maximum variables. As first, you think the obvious way to compare two objects is iterating the list of properties and then comparing their values. The simple difference formula: An approach to teaching nonparametric correlation. This paper evaluated and compared the Index variants by applying them to Java open-source software systems. Java Comparable must define o1.compareTo (o2) used to implement natural ordering of objects we must modify the class whose instances we want to sort it's in the same class only one implementation = standard deviation, Min. For 42 software systems, only the last released version was included in the experiment, while for the remaining 3 systems, all versions from the release history were included. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Because we had a moderate sample size (, For each software system under study, values of the Index variants are visually presented in, The differences between the values of Index variants are evaluated in, The scatter plot matrix representation with pairwise correlation analysis is shown in, To further analyze the multivariate relationships based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the seven Index variants, multidimensional scaling was used to reduce the dimensions of the data to two. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Similarities and Difference between Java and C++, Decision Making in Java (if, if-else, switch, break, continue, jump), StringBuilder Class in Java with Examples, Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java, Constructor Chaining In Java with Examples, Private Constructors and Singleton Classes in Java, Comparison of Inheritance in C++ and Java, Dynamic Method Dispatch or Runtime Polymorphism in Java, Different ways of Method Overloading in Java, Difference Between Method Overloading and Method Overriding in Java, Difference between Abstract Class and Interface in Java, Comparator Interface in Java with Examples, Flow control in try catch finally in Java, SortedSet Interface in Java with Examples, SortedMap Interface in Java with Examples, Importance of Thread Synchronization in Java, Thread Safety and how to achieve it in Java. Due to this behavior there are many (myself included) who suggest overridingEqualsto make sure that the actual values are compared, which could be a problem if our production code cannot be changed to accommodate our tests. The Maintainability Index is commonly used as a quantitative measure of the relative ease of software maintenance. Remember: When we override the equals() method, it is necessary to override the hashCode() method. Below is the implementation: Java import java.util. The 2021 State of the Octoverse. Available online: Kaur, K.; Singh, H. Determination of Maintainability Index for Object Oriented Systems. To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. x holds the same value as we have passed in the equals() method. When implementing it, we need to make sure that the method returns: A positive integer, if the current object is greater than the parameter object A negative integer, if the current object is less than the parameter object future research directions and describes possible research applications. In java, being object-oriented, it is always dynamically created and automatically destroyed by the garbage collector as the scope of the object is over. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 1819 November 2018; pp. In Proceedings of the 2011 3rd International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications, Wuhan, China, 2829 May 2011; pp. Below are 5 ways to compare two Strings in Java: Using user-defined function : Define a function to compare values with following conditions : if (string1 > string2) it returns a positive value. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. The resulting visualization seen in, Instead of the manual identification of groups, to more accurately determine the similar groups of the Index variants, clustering on the Pearson Correlation Coefficients was performed. In java, being object-oriented, it is always dynamically created and automatically destroyed by the garbage collector as the scope of the object is over. If you are not calling the Collections.sort() method then our comparator logic will not be executed. Agree 16. In order to change the way two objects are compared in an assert we only need change the behavior of one of them the expect value (might change depending on the unit testing framework). Learn Java practically Another threat to external validity is the set of Index variants studied. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort() function using one of the standard algorithms. 2023, 13, 2972. 2021. = maximum. Why to Use Comparator Interface Rather than Comparable Interface in Java? Misra [, The evolution of the initially proposed Maintainability Index into numerous variants has resulted in a varying usage of Index variants in the context of maintainability assessment. Overriding follow the convention for the hashCode() method that states, the equal object must have equal hash code. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. ; validation, T.H. JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services. It means that it can produce the same hash code for both objects. Using two asserts would work, at least for a time. In fact, its fun to do things the hard way, isnt it? The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. And now imagine a test in which thatSomeClassis the result of your unit tests what assert would you write? ; investigation, T.H. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Intelligent Data Science Technologies and Applications (IDSTA), San Antonio, TX, USA, 57 September 2022; pp. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. Software code maintainability: A literature review. A Computer Science portal for geeks. This method logic compares both object's id, name, and age values. To compare these strings in Java, we need to use the equals () method of the string. Every class in java has one parent class that is Object class and it has equals () method to compare two any objects. If the Class only has a few properties, you can write the code by comparing each property. Lets take the above example in which JSON.stringify is useless and hand it over to Lodash: You can read more about Lodash in the article below: You dont want to use any external libraries? Alsolai, H.; Roper, M. A systematic literature review of machine learning techniques for software maintainability prediction. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM 2007), Guwahati, India, 1821 December 2007; pp. The software maintainability index revisited. The comparison operator == tests whether two reference variables point to the same object. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Heriko T, umak B. Note: For BeanComparator, commons-collection and commons-logging jar files need to be . The differences in Index variants values are the most notable when looking at the finer-grained results derived from different Index variants. Therefore, it is essential to understand how maintainable a software system is as it is being developed. Three empirical studies on predicting software maintainability using ensemble methods. When we run the program (HashCodeExample.java) with the above code snippet, we get the following output. To ensure all included software systems were following object-oriented principles, some manual inspection of the source code of subject software systems was performed by the authors. The randomly generated value might change during the several executions of the program. Replication studies are needed to confirm and generalize the results to a more extensive set of Index variants. Available online: Lacchia, M. Radon. ; Goldinger, S.D. Brito e Abreu, F.; Melo, W. Evaluating the impact of object-oriented design on software quality. Using JSON.stringify. However, not only are the referenced arrays different in content, but the references themselves are also different. During maintenance, software systems undergo continuous correction and enhancement activities due to emerging faults, changing environments, and evolving requirements, making this phase expensive and time-consuming, often exceeding the initial development costs. ; Rachmadi, R.R. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, T.H. Seref, B.; Tanriover, O. Object-oriented programming paradigm for damage tolerant evaluation of engineering structural components. First, in, The results of the correlation analysis were further analyzed through multidimensional scaling to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between the Index variants. Each of the presented variants represents a slightly different approach to measuring maintainability by capturing different software-related characteristics. Java Program to Compare two Boolean Arrays, Java Program to Compare two Double Arrays, Compare two strings lexicographically in Java, equals() and deepEquals() Method to Compare two Arrays in Java. In Apache Commons Beanutils, you can compare the JavaBean objects by using the BeanComparator class based on a specified shared property value. ; resources, B.. Note that some human analysis of the comments is recommended to aid this decision [. Ardito, L.; Coppola, R.; Barbato, L.; Verga, D. A tool-based perspective on software code maintainability metrics: A systematic literature review. Let us create a simple Employee class with instance variables id, name, age for comparing the different objects field by field. To answer RQ1, an evaluation and analysis of the gathered data were performed for one version of each included software system, focusing on the differences between the Index variants. As the result, JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person1) is false and JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person2) is false. 2021. ; Pant, B.; Tiwari, U.K. Wilson, A.; Wedyan, F.; Omari, S. An Empirical Evaluation and Comparison of the Impact of MVVM and MVC GUI Driven Application Architectures on Maintainability and Testability. Although concerns regarding the appropriateness of the Index for object-oriented languages have been expressed because the measure was initially proposed for systems developed in procedural programming languages [, As discussed above, several variants of the Index exist and are often used interchangeably. On the other hand, equals() method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not the object itself. Such compare is validated automatically as soon as we write or paste our JSON objects on both sides. In the future, it would be interesting to extend our study to software systems written in other object-oriented programming languages, such as Python and C#. However, we've used String constructor to create the strings. Maua, G.; Galinac Grbac, T. Co-evolutionary multi-population genetic programming for classification in software defect prediction: An empirical case study. Lets upgrade your function to a deep level: Can you spot the differences comparing to the first version? The idea is that every unit test should have only one reason to fail. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for The Index variants computation was performed according to the equations presented in. 2021. Convert a String to Character Array in Java. OK, lets go for that: However, your function only works for flat objects, not for the nested one. Despite this, the Index variants without comment parts still tend to be more similar to each other than those without comment parts and vice versa. There are several Index variants that differ in the factors affecting maintainability (e.g., code complexity, software size, documentation) and their given importance. Here's 3 different ways to compare objects in JavaScript and the tradeoffs between them. In short, for any non-null reference say x and y, it returns true if and only if both references refer to the same object. Implementing the equals method for the before example: Example 3: In the above example, the equals() method is checking if all the values match or not. In this way, many comparisons between two objects need not go through the comparison of every value within them. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare () method. [. We can override the equals() method in the following way if we want to provide own implementation. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroka Cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia. Visual StudioMaintainability Index. In Proceedings of the Software Engineering Productivity Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 7 April 1992; pp. Checking the hash values using hashCode() before entering the equals() reduces the time taken to produce the solution drastically. Bandi, R.; Vaishnavi, V.; Turk, D. Predicting maintenance performance using object-oriented design complexity metrics. Overriding equals() method in the Employee Object, 4. To perform the comparison of objects, we have created a separate class named HashCodeExample. 2. A comparative analysis of evolutionary algorithms for the prediction of software change. Each Java object is associated with the hash code. If we assigned a to b, then we would have a different result: Integer a = new Integer ( 1 ); Integer b = a; assertThat (a == b).isTrue (); Therefore, it is advisable not to use this method in comparing objects without overriding it. 254258. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Computing, Noida, India, 1719 August 2009; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. [, Chowdhury, S.A.; Uddin, G.; Holmes, R. An Empirical Study on Maintainable Method Size in Java. This may offer intriguing insights into whether and how the selection of Index variants affects the results and established findings in the software engineering research community. An experiment was conducted on data collected from the source code of 45 open-source software systems based on the Java programming language. Finding differences between collections of objects of the same data type is a common programming task. Sawilowsky, S.S. New effect size rules of thumb. String class from the Java.lang package. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, RBCN-Net: A Data-Driven Inertial Navigation Algorithm for Pedestrians, Sum Rate Optimization Scheme of UAV-Assisted NOMA under Hardware Impairments, The Impact of Agile Methodology on Project Success, with a Moderating Role of Persons Job Fit in the IT Industry of Pakistan, Software Engineering: Computer Science and System, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/sidebar4.htm, https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/jhawkprod.htm, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/code-quality/code-metrics-maintainability-index-range-and-meaning, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Original Maintainability Index with comment part, Improved Maintainability Index with comment part, Maintainability Index using Lines Of Code only, JHawk Maintainability Index with comment part, Average Percent of Lines of Comments per module, Evaluating the maintainability prediction power of the Index for object-oriented software on the class level, There is a slight inverse relationship between the measures, Comparing the Index calculations from two frameworks on a software and component level, The difference between calculations is negligible, Investigating the consistency of software maintenance metrics at the system level, The measures are not mutually consistent for evaluating maintainability, Comparing methods for software technical debt identification on the between-release level, Releases of twenty Python software systems, The Index and SIG method show more similarity, while the Index and SQALE analysis show less, Christa, S.; Madhusudhan, V.; Suma, V.; Rao, J.J. Software Maintenance: From the Perspective of Effort and Cost Requirement.

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