He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. Great Britain was the leaders at this time in colonizing the land filled with rich natural recourses. The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa. By 18261850, the British Royal Navy was intervening significantly with Lagos slave exports. The receding British presence enabled local officials and politicians to gain access to patronage over government jobs, funds for local development, market permits, trade licenses, government contracts, and even scholarships for higher education. In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. 1) Lack of British Personnel: Obviously Nigeria was not the only West African country colonized by the British, other countries like Ghana, Sierra-Leone and The Gambia were part of the British colonies. In the South, only English had official status. In one year, Lugard recruited 2600 troops, evenly split between Hausa and Yoruba. Awolowo had little difficulty in appealing to broad segments of the Yoruba population, but he worked to avoid the Action Group from being stigmatized as a "tribal" group. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. British and French traders did a large share of this business until 1807 when they were replaced by the Portuguese and the Spaniards. [63], The Protectorate was centrally administered by the Colonial Civil Service, staffed by Britons and Africans called the British Native Staffmany of whom originated from outside the territory. His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the Fulani emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. The company negotiated treaties with Sokoto, Gwandu and Nupe that were interpreted as guaranteeing exclusive access to trade in return for the payment of annual tribute. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.[84]. By the 1870s the Niger trade was becoming profitable, and a few French companies took notice. The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the export trade in these products. The early Nigerian nationalist did not seek independence. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. [81] In 1936, of 6,259,547 income for the Nigerian state, 1,156,000 went back to England as home pay for British officials in the Nigerian civil service. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. tamko building products ownership; 30 Junio, 2022; factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria . The delegation was led by Balewa of the NPC and included party leaders Awolowo of the Action Group, Azikiwe of the NCNC, and Bello of the NPC; they were also the premiers of the Western, Eastern and Northern regions, respectively. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. The Colonial Office could veto or revise his policies. But by providing for comparable regional governments exercising broad legislative powers, which could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives, the Macpherson Constitution also gave a significant boost to regionalism. Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. Protestant sects had flourished in Christianity since the Protestant Reformation; the emergence of independent Christian churches in Nigeria (as of black denominations in the United States) was another phase of this history. European Colonialism in Africa. [74] The disease first found its home among the many trading ports along the West African coast. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. A constabulary force was raised and used to pacify the coastal area. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. These include the fact that military conscription (draft) of numerous African colonial subjects into European armies generated great amounts of anger. Many Muslims resorted to migration as a form of resistance, a tactic known as the hejira, in which those perceived as infidels are avoided. The neglect of traditional institutions. Most of these came from military backgrounds. The British also created "divide and rule" policies, pitting Hindu and Muslim Indians against one another. Dike, K. O. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. Olatunji Ojo, "The Organization of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Yorubaland, ca.1777 to ca.1856", Bouda Etemad, "Economic relations between Europe and Black Africa, Giles D. Short, "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851", "Northern Nigeria: The Illo Canceller and Borgu Mail" by Ray Harris in. [65], Half of all taxes went to the colonial government and half went to the Native Treasury. Lugard's campaign systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed. Although per capita income in the country as a whole remained low by international standards, rising incomes among salaried personnel and burgeoning urbanization expanded consumer demand for imported goods. What Britain Did to Nigeria: A Short History of Conquest and Rule by Max Siollun Hurst, 20, 408 pages Join our online book group on Facebook at FT Books Caf Letter in response to this article: These included the decline of the Mughal Empire. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. [67], This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to whom obedience was a mark of religious devotion, did not welcome change. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. The movement soon assumed both religious and national characteristics. Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. Total revenues of central and regional governments nearly doubled in relation to the gross domestic product during the decade. Much of the human trafficking which occurred there was nominally illegal, and records from this time and place are not comprehensive. It is not a personal union of separate colonies under the same Governor like the Windwards, it is not a Confederation of States. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. Subsequent revisions contained in the Lyttleton Constitution, enacted in 1954, firmly established the federal principle and paved the way for independence. This line was extended to Oshogbo, 100 kilometres (62mi) away, in 19051907, and to Zungeru and Minna in 19081911. This article examines the deployment of West African soldiers for military service in West Africa, including the manner of mobilization and recruitment. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to see among other things the British interest in the area referred to as Sokoto Caliphate, the crises and conflicts that ensued, the resistance put up by the people and the eventual conquest of the caliphate. However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". The Nigerian Civil War is also known as the Nigerian-Biafran war and took place between July 1967 and January 1970. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. Individuals could be fined or jailed for refusing to comply.[12]. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital. [19], West Africa also bought British exports, supplying 3040% of the demand for British cotton during the Industrial Revolution of 17501790.[27]. In the Northern Cameroons, however, the largely Muslim electorate chose to merge with Nigeria's Northern Region. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. [57], From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan; it opened in March 1901. [72] In the south, he saw the possibility of building an elite educated in schools modelled on a European method (and numerous elite children attended high-ranking colleges in Britain during the colonial years). A permanent British occupation of Egypt required the inviolability of the Ni Britain also encouraged the formation of the Muslim League of India in 1907. From there, the strategy to conquer the additional portions of what would be Nigeria was planned and executed until nearly all of what is today Nigeria was under British control in 1905. The British responded to such evidence of rivalry by defending their right to free navigation on the river at the Berlin West Africa Conference of 188485. Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. In quick order, a large British military forcedeemed the Punitive Expeditionwas assembled, and on February 18, they arrived in Benin City under orders to invade and conquer it. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. It is still felt 56 years after it was officially announced death. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Europeans had raced to colonize the country Africa. In addition, two other protectorates were declared, one over the Oil Rivers and the other over the hinterland of Lagos, to establish a claim that these areas were also British spheres of interest.. Rivalry between the Royal Niger Company and the Lagos Protectorate over the boundary between the emirate of Ilorin and the empire of Ibadan was resolved with the abrogation of the charter of the Royal Niger Company on January 1, 1900, in return for wide mineral concessions.

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