Cooperation between Japan and Germany began with the Anti-Comintern Pact, in which the two countries agreed to ally to challenge any attack by the Soviet Union. Rome-Berlin Axis a military and political alliance between fascist Germany and Italy, formalized by the Berlin Agreement of Oct. 25, 1936. The remainder of the country was occupied by German military forces and organized into the Protectorate. 67 terms. [1], This article is about the 1949 book. [77], The United States opposed the Second Sino-Japanese War, and recognized Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalist Government as the legitimate government of China. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. meg_luv_kisses. Committee to Defend America By Aiding the Allies. Updates? Korea was a Japanese protectorate and dependency formally established by the JapanKorea Treaty of 1910. [120], Although Finland never signed the Tripartite Pact, it fought against the Soviet Union alongside Germany in the 1941-44 Continuation War, during which the official position of the wartime Finnish government was that Finland was a co-belligerent of the Germans whom they described as "brothers-in-arms". A small but vocal group of Americans who pushed for greater U.S. involvement in Europe. "If the present triangular combination is analyzed," the Ambassador explained, "it becomes immediately apparent that not only is the group not merely anti-communist, but that its policies and practices equally run counter to those of the so-called democratic powers. At its zenith in 1942, the Axis presided over large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia, either through occupation, annexation, or puppet states. Initial proposals of a GermanItalian alliance, Development of GermanItalianJapanese alliance, China (Reorganized National Government of China), Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, German, Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation, Official name of the occupied territory translated from. After the invasion of Poland, Slovakia reclaimed control of those territories. A treaty of alliance was concluded between the Ba Maw regime and Japan was signed by Ba Maw for Burma and Sawada Renzo for Japan on the same day in which the Ba Maw government pledged itself to provide the Japanese "with every necessary assistance in order to execute a successful military operation in Burma". This, combined with Western Allied landings in France and Italy, led to a three-front war that depleted Germany's armed forces and resulted in Germany's defeat in 1945. Posted on Haziran 25, 2022 | By Byline. Meanwhile, Tokyo will be burnt to the ground three times. [130][131] The conflict threatened Germany's iron-ore supplies and offered the prospect of Allied interference in the region. [20] Gring claimed that Nazi domination of Austria was inevitable and that Italy should accept this, as well as repeating to Mussolini of Hitler's promise to "regard the question of the South Tyrol frontier as finally liquidated by the peace treaties". For the historical alliance, see, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, introducing citations to additional sources, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rome-Berlin_Axis&oldid=1135690476. The vast majority of the Hungarians desired to recover former territories of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen lost through the Treaty of Trianon. Mussolini Unleashed, 19391941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. An agreement formulated by Italy's foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano informally linking the two fascist countries was reached on October 25, 1936. Mussolini had been removed from office and arrested by King Victor Emmanuel III on 25 July 1943. German Diplomatic Relations 18711945: The Wilhelmstrasse and the Formulation of Foreign Policy. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Bulgarian government declared war on the Western Allies. Declarations of neutrality must be ignored". Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. During the Anglo-Iraqi War of May 1941, Vichy France allowed Germany and Italy to use air bases in the French mandate of Syria to support the Iraqi revolt. Wang's insistence on his regime being the true Nationalist government of China and in replicating all the symbols of the Kuomintang led to frequent conflicts with the Japanese, the most prominent being the issue of the regime's flag, which was identical to that of the Republic of China. Omissions? Quisling's name has become an international eponym for traitor. Japan created Mengjiang to exploit tensions between ethnic Mongolians and the central government of China, which in theory ruled Inner Mongolia. While Hitler and the Nazi party before taking power openly talked about destroying Poland and were hostile to Poles, after gaining power until February 1939 Hitler tried to conceal his true intentions towards Poland, and signed a 10-year Non-Aggression Pact in 1934, revealing his plans to only to his closest associates. Drljevic was expelled from Montenegro in October 1941. [136] Falangists also supported Spanish colonial acquisition of the Tangier International Zone, French Morocco and northwestern French Algeria. 3 (Jul., 1949), pp. Phibun and a number of his associates were put on trial on charges of having committed war crimes and of collaborating with the Axis powers. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 19411945: Occupation and Collaboration. They were actively supported by Mussolini's National Fascist Party regime in Italy, which gave the movement training grounds to prepare for war against Yugoslavia, as well as accepting Paveli as an exile and allowing him to reside in Rome. [142] The Falangists promoted the idea of supporting Spain's former colonies in fighting against American domination. The area containing the Shan States and Kayah State was annexed by Thailand in 1942, and four northern states of Malaya were also transferred to Thailand by Japan as a reward for Thai co-operation. Czech civil institutions were preserved but the Protectorate was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany. They concluded that the firm US Navy stand in the matter in no way typified the attitude of a soft and almost incredibly unrealistic public. The Rome Berlin Axis was made to ensure that high powers in countries, such as Rome, Berlin and Tokyo, if attacked would have sufficient help from other countries, who would help defend. Hitler had advocated an alliance between Germany and Italy since the 1920s. The allied forces did not respond with war. Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia on October 3, 1935. Some countries signed the Anti-Comintern Pact but not the Tripartite Pact. Vietnam War. Japan would expand south. Because this customer had a reputation for being parsimonious\mathit{parsimonious}parsimonious, the waiter did not expect a tip. The government had a strained relationship with the Japanese from the beginning. [by whom?]. The racial laws were enforced by the Ustae militia. During the war a number of other countries joined the Axis, induced by coercion or promises of territory or protection by the Axis powers. In November 1936, the term "axis" was first officially used by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini when he spoke of a Rome-German axis arising out of the treaty of friendship signed between Italy and Germany on 25 October 1936. shortly after the signing of the Rome Berlin Axis. Mengjiang vanished in 1945 following Japan's defeat in World War II. The Slovak Republic under President Josef Tiso signed the Tripartite Pact on 24 November 1940. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Zeszyty Muzeum, 3. He was granted amnesty by President Manuel Roxas, and remained active in politics, ultimately winning a seat in the post-war Senate. Groups of spectators are lined up to see the king. [43] Since the 1920s, the Nazi Party publicly promoted the expansion of Germany into territories held by the Soviet Union. Match. As a reward, the Axis powers allowed Bulgaria to occupy parts of both countriessouthern and south-eastern Yugoslavia (Vardar Banovina) and north-eastern Greece (parts of Greek Macedonia and Greek Thrace). On 9 March 1945 the Japanese staged a military coup in Hanoi, and on 8 April they reached Luang Phrabang. Prior to the German occupation within the area of Hungary around 63,000 Jews perished. The king's aunt, Queen Rambai Barni, was the nominal head of the British-based organization, and Pridi Banomyong, the regent, headed its largest contingent, which was operating within Thailand. Germany's campaign during World War II to exterminate all Jews living in German-controlled lands, along with other groups the Nazis deemed "undesirables." Doubtless I shall die on board Nagato [his flagship]. This angered the British government. Corrections? It was nominally ruled by Prince Demchugdongrub, a Mongol nobleman descended from Genghis Khan, but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military. They also invaded Malaya and Hong Kong. The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was created from the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. The pressure of the reparations on the German economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. 55, No. Prior to the invasion and annexation of Ethiopia into this united colony in 1936, Italy had two colonies, Eritrea and Somalia since the 1880s. Nonetheless, the Arrow Cross rule, short-lived as it was, was brutal. Hitler's directive to the troops on 10 October had stated that "it is necessary to avoid even the slightest semblance of military occupation of Romania". Germany renounced the Versailles treaty and remilitarized the Rhineland in March 1936. British and Free French forces attacked later Syria and Lebanon in JuneJuly 1941, and in 1942 Allied forces took over French Madagascar. Germany had not enacted any sanctions against Italy during the Italo-Ethiopian War (193536): firmly resolved on annexing Austria to Germany, Hitler was waiting until Italys war was over before making his next move on the international chessboard. They provided Jewish families with forged documents and helped them disperse in the Albanian population. In order to liberate the country from the Germans and Fascists, Italy became a co-belligerent of the Allies; as result, the country descended in Civil War, with the Italian Co-Belligerent Army and the partisans, supported by the Allies, contended the Social Republic's forces and its German allies. [39] In 1939, Japan committed 22 percent of its GNP to its war effort in China; this rose to three-quarters of GNP in 1944. [26] French and Italian military staff discussed possible military cooperation involving a war with Germany should Hitler dare to attack Austria. [55] Germany's invasion of its part of Poland under the Pact eight days later[56] triggered the beginning of World War II. Under the terms of the armistice, Finland was obliged to expel German troops from Finnish territory, which resulted in the Lapland War. [35] Thus the Allied powers outnumbered the Axis powers by 2.7 to 1. The three pacts formed the foundation of the Axis alliance.[3]. FDR's Secretary of State who believed in reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; supported the Good Neighbor . The Italian occupying forces were rendered largely powerless, as the National Liberation Movement took control of the south and the National Front (Balli Kombtar) took control of the north. [6].mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}, The term "axis" was first applied to the Italo-German relationship by the Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini in September 1923, when he wrote in the preface to Roberto Suster's La Germania Repubblicana that "there is no doubt that in this moment the axis of European history passes through Berlin" (non v'ha dubbio che in questo momento l'asse della storia europea passa per Berlino). In April 1941 Rashid Ali, on seizing power in a coup, repudiated the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 and demanded that the British abandon their military bases and withdraw from the country. [194] Franklin D. Roosevelt had said in his Fireside Chat on 9 December 1941, 2 days before the European Axis powers formally declared war on America, that Germany and Italy already considered themselves to be in a state of war with the United States. Although Hungary did not initially participate in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Hungary and the Soviet Union became belligerents on 27 June 1941. On 25 March 1941, fearing that Yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise, the Yugoslav government signed the Tripartite Pact with significant reservations. The exact number of victims of the Ustae regime is uncertain due to the destruction of documents and varying numbers given by historians. In all, some 11 million people were killed in the Holocaust, most of them Jews. Thousands of volunteers fought and many died as part of the German Army on the Eastern Front. Bulgaria participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece by letting German troops attack from its territory and sent troops to Greece on April 20. The provisional government was given nominal control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from November 1943 to August 1945. This cut off Japan's supply of scrap metal and oil needed for industry, trade, and the war effort. June 6, 1944, the date of the Allied invasion of northern France. dominican slang. All five of Hungary's field armies ultimately participated in the war against the Soviet Union; a significant contribution was made by the Hungarian Second Army. Thailand waged the Franco-Thai War in October 1940 to May 1941 to reclaim territory from French Indochina. Racial laws were introduced in all occupied territories with immediate effects on Jews and Roma people, as well as causing the imprisonment of those opposed to Nazism. On 10 July 1940, Ptain was given emergency "full powers" by a majority vote of the French National Assembly. After the surrender of the Filipino and American forces in Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor Island, the Japanese established a puppet state in the Philippines in 1942. In 1937 Italy left the League of Nations and joined the Anti-Comintern Pact, which had been signed by Germany and Japan the preceding year. Libya was an Italian colony existing from 1912 to 1943. Very few steps were taken toward cooperation between the Axis members in naval and military matters, nor were realistic plans made for the future. The groups visited manufacturing plants, airfields, naval vessels, and fortresses in Germany, Italy, and France (at that time occupied by Germany). [10] In early 1923, as a goodwill gesture to Germany, Italy secretly delivered weapons for the Reichswehr, which had faced major disarmament under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. However the Banjica Concentration Camp was jointly run by the German Army and Nedic's regime. It is a study of the Axis alliance of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany with particular emphasis on the relationship between Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. The Rome-Berlin Axis is a 1949 book by British historian Elizabeth Wiskemann. In March/April 1939 Italian troops invaded and annexed Albania. Martin Wight analyzes how the alliance between Italy and Germany got influenced by the personalities of the two dictators. Almost 7,000 joined Lgion des Volontaires Franais (LVF) from 1941 to 1944. Study of Crisis. Southern Dobruja was ceded to Bulgaria in September 1940. The German presence in Denmark included the construction of part of the Atlantic Wall fortifications which Denmark paid for and was never reimbursed. The possibility of Spanish intervention in World War II was of concern to the United States, which investigated the activities of Spain's ruling Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las JONS in Latin America, especially Puerto Rico, where pro-Falange and pro-Franco sentiment was high, even amongst the ruling upper classes. 09-07-2011 02:44:48 ZULU. Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). Japanese forces invaded Thailand an hour and a half before the attack on Pearl Harbor (because of the International Dateline, the local time was on the morning of 8 December 1941). As a counter-measure to foreign armament programs which seemed to involve a threat to world peace, President Roosevelt called upon Congress in his message of January, 1938, to approve a rearmament program at home, and on February 5 the United States, Great Britain, and France inquired of Japan concerning her naval construction plans. Japan's reply, a refusal to divulge any information whatsoever, was in reality a tacit admission of her plans. Seventeen-year-old King Peter was declared to be of age. On 22 June 1941 Germany attacked the Soviet Union. Denmark sold agricultural and industrial products to Germany and made loans for armaments and fortifications. Tom Gallagher, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2005, "Den Dansk-Tyske Ikke-Angrebstraktat af 1939", "Den Danske Brigade DANFORCE Den Danske Brigade "DANFORCE" Sverige 194345", "Martyrs and Scapegoats of the Nation? rome berlin axis apush significance. PL ISSN 0137-5377. [39], Italy and Japan lacked industrial capacity; their economies were small, dependent on international trade, external sources of fuel and other industrial resources. What the Japanese Army fanatics had considered it of the utmost importance to ascertain was the immediate temper of the American public-and that they presumably discovered. Denmark broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941. The book focuses on the background and the personalities of Mussolini and Hitler. Romania was subsequently used as a platform for invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Thus it can be seen that the question resolves itself into the simple fact that it is a combination of those states which are bent upon upsetting the status quo as opposed to those states which wish to preserve the status quo, or, more simply, of the 'havenots' against the 'haves,' and that anticommunism is merely the banner under which the 'have-nots' are rallying. While Germany had been engaged in a titanic struggle against England for a year, Japan, up to the conclusion of the alliance, had contributed nothing. [89][90] Days after the Szlasi government took power, the capital of Budapest was surrounded by the Soviet Red Army. [33] In ideological terms, the Axis described their goals as breaking the hegemony of the plutocratic Western powers and defending civilization from Communism. ; November 25, 1936 Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Romanian troops in the Crimea helped repulse initial Soviet landings, but eventually all of the peninsula was re-conquered by Soviet forces and the Romanian Navy evacuated over 100,000 German and Romanian troops, an achievement which earned Romanian Admiral Horia Macellariu the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. [63] Croatian separatism soared after the assassination of Croatian political leaders in the National Assembly of Yugoslavia in 1928 including the death of Stjepan Radi, and Italy endorsed Croatian separatist Ante Paveli and his fascist Ustae movement that was based and trained in Italy with the Fascist regime's support prior to intervention against Yugoslavia.[63]. ; October 2, 1935-May 1936 Fascist Italy invades, conquers, and annexes Ethiopia. Yugoslavia was largely surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the German Reich. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944, made the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic. 57 terms. [107] British historian Dennis Deletant has asserted that Romania's crucial contributions to the Axis war effort, including having the third largest Axis army in Europe and sustaining the German war effort through oil and other materiel, meant that it was "on a par with Italy as a principal ally of Germany and not in the category of a minor Axis satellite". After the Siege of Odessa, the city became the capital of the Governorate. The Finnish conflict with the Soviet Union is generally referred to as the Continuation War. This precipitated Japanese withdrawal from the League. Panay, then situated, together with various other American and British warships, on the Yangtze River. The Ba Maw regime established the Burma Defence Army (later renamed the Burma National Army), which was commanded by Aung San which fought alongside the Japanese in the Burma campaign. In fewer than three months, Arrow Cross death squads killed as many as 38,000 Hungarian Jews. It declared: "With a view to implementing the present Pact, Joint Technical Commissions the members of which are to be appointed by the respective Governments of Japan, Germany, and Italy will meet without delay.". The Soviets targeted intelligence, entrepreneurs and officers with mass arrests, with many victims sent to the Gulag in Siberia, committing a string of atrocities that culminated in the Katyn massacre. Finland took part in the Siege of Leningrad. It is a study of the Axis alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, with particular emphasis on the relationship between Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler . A number of pro-German Hungarians retreated to Italy and Germany, where they fought until the end of the war. American Communist Party members, African American civil rights activists, and trade unionists, among other members of the coalition, encouraged Roosevelt to take a stronger stand against European fascism. Slovakia and the Czech Republic finally separated into independent states in 1993. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Nazi regime's stance towards an independent, territorially-reduced Russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the German Army on Hitler to endorse a "Russian Liberation Army" led by Andrey Vlasov. Under the terms of the agreement, Germany occupied two-thirds of France, including Paris. On 16 April 1941, Ante Paveli, a Croatian nationalist and one of the founders of the Ustae ("Croatian Liberation Movement"), was proclaimed Poglavnik (leader) of the new regime. The Government of National Salvation was evacuated from Belgrade to Kitzbhel, Germany in the first week of October 1944 before the German withdrawal from Serbia was complete. According to the stipulation of the Tripartite Pact, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked. Prior to 1935, Italy had sided politically with GreatBritain and France. Threats or direct acts of aggression were the order of the day in Europe and Asia. Axis leaders Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, Track the League of Nations' continual failure to check via diplomacy the Axis powers' pre-World War II rise. Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 82. Racial laws were introduced in France and its colonies and many foreign Jews in France were deported to Germany. On December 31, 1938, the United States officially rejected Japan's new order in China. [27] As a result of Italy's support for Japan against international condemnation, Japan took a more positive attitude towards Italy and offered proposals for a non-aggression or neutrality pact with Italy. [27] This attitude by Japan towards Italy altered in 1937 after the League of Nations condemned Japan for aggression in China and faced international isolation, while Italy remained favourable to Japan. An official communique published in Berlin and in Vienna on July 11 stated that the German Reich recognized Austrias full sovereignty and that Austria undertook, both in general and toward the German Reich, to pursue the policy of a German state. A visit by Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolinis son-in-law and minister of foreign affairs, to Hitler at Berchtesgaden on October 24 was followed by Germanys becoming the first power to recognize Italys annexation of Ethiopia. [51], Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 involved issues of lebensraum, anti-communism, and Soviet foreign policy. Therefore, although the British reciprocated by declaring war on Thailand and considered it a hostile country, the United States did not. [71][72], On 25 July 1943, following the Allied invasion of Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini, placed him under arrest, and began secret negotiations with the Western Allies. Britain's new prime minister during WWII who pleaded for US aid. For Germany it meant that her south boundary was protected. The League of Nations later declared in 1934 that Manchuria lawfully remained a part of China. When the Japanese seized control of French Indochina, they allowed Vichy French administrators to remain in nominal control. Which of these factors prevailed in the cooperation between Benito Mussolini's new Roman Empire and Adolf Hitler's Reich? Convinced that in a forthcoming war the Nazi Reich would be victorious, he formally subscribed to the German-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact on November 6 of that year, and on December 11 he withdrew Italy from the League of Nations. Under the terms of this agreement Japan recognized and respected the leadership of Germany and Italy in the establishment of a new order in Europe, and Germany and Italy correspondingly recognized and respected the leadership of Japan in East Asia. The Empire of Japan created a number of client states in the areas occupied by its military, beginning with the creation of Manchukuo in 1932. [31], The Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan on 27 September 1940, in Berlin. By the end of 1943, the Soviets had gained the upper hand and the Germans were retreating. Adriana Boscaro, Franco Gatti, Massimo Raveri, (eds). However, on 10 July 1941, Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim issued an Order of the Day that contained a formulation understood internationally as a Finnish territorial interest in Russian Karelia. Italian East Africa was an Italian colony existing from 1936 to 1943. He was subject to German control for the duration of the war. In the opening days of Operation Barbarossa, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Finland permitted German planes returning from mine dropping runs over Kronstadt and Neva River to refuel at Finnish airfields before returning to bases in East Prussia. This pact provided that a military attack on any member of the new Axis triumvirate by any nation not then engaged in either the European or the Sino-Japanese war would invoke the political, economic, and military assistance of the other two. During the 1930s, because of traditional right-wing elements, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany. In September 1943 the guerrillas moved to take the capital of Tirana, but German paratroopers dropped into the city. Over 500,000 soldiers served on the Eastern Front. Stating that the plans and practices of the Japanese authorities implied an assumption of sovereignty actually not theirs, the United States refused to admit "that there is need or warrant for any one power to take upon itself to prescribe what shall be the terms and conditions of a 'new order' in areas not under its sovereignty and to constitute itself the repository of authority and the agent of destiny in regard thereto." Various nominally-independent governments formed out of local sympathisers under varying degrees of German, Italian, and Japanese control were established within the territories that they occupied during the war. Once restored to power, Mussolini declared that Italy was a republic and that he was the new head of state. Rashid Ali al-Gaylani was appointed Prime Minister of Iraq in 1940. The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons and hoped that Italy could assist Germany. Finland was one of Germany's most important allies in its war with the USSR.[112]. Unlike other Axis powers, Yugoslavia was not obliged to provide military assistance, nor to provide its territory for Axis to move military forces during the war. When Eli spoke, he looked as if he was completely confident of his position. Deprived of any military assets, territory or resources, the members of the Vichy government continued to fulfil their role as German puppets, being quasi-prisoners in the so-called "Sigmaringen enclave" in a castle in Baden-Wrttemberg at the end of the war in May 1945. In June 1944, Phibun was overthrown in a coup d'tat. Although under the firm control of the Japanese Imperial Army, which occupied its territory, Prince Demchugdongrub had his own independent army. [12], However at this time Mussolini stressed one important condition that Italy must pursue in an alliance with Germany: that Italy "must tow them, not be towed by them". "The Axis" and "Rome-Berlin Axis" redirect here. [162][163] Hitler never responded to Stalin's letter. [16] Hitler was aware that Italy held concerns over potential German land claims on South Tyrol, and assured Mussolini that Germany was not interested in South Tyrol. [39] As a result, Italian and Japanese mobilization remained low, even by 1943. German and Hungarian forces tried to hold off the Soviet advance but failed.

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